BELAFONTE, Harry: Matilda, Matilda (1949-1954)
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HARRY BELAFONTE Matilda, Matilda
Original 1949-1954 Recordings
When Harry Belafonte started his career in show
business in the late 1940s, he initially wanted to
become an actor. Through unforeseen
happenstances, he turned to singing, and in
doing so, helped trigger the folk revival
movement of the 1950s, becoming not only its
most successful exponent, but also a victim of
his own success, due to his stereotyping as a
calypso performer. But Belafonte was instead
one of the most versatile performers of his
generation and a serious folk music historian,
something that most music scholars fail to
recognize.
Harold George Belafonte, Jr was born on
1 March 1927 in New York City. He spent
much of his boyhood in Kingston, Jamaica; his
mother sending him there to avoid the travails of
growing up as an African American in New
York. Belafonte's desire for acting came as a
result of hanging around the American Negro
Theater in Harlem. While studying at a New
York dramatic workshop in the late 1940s, he
became discouraged when he found that roles
for African Americans were extremely limited.
To pay the bills, he performed as an intermission
singer at the famed Royal Roost nightclub, home
to jazz musicians like Charlie Parker and Miles
Davis. This turned into a twenty-week
engagement, resulting in the recording of his
first and only single for the club's Roost label in
the spring of 1949. The phrase 'music of the
future' that was printed on the label proved to
be a misnomer as Belafonte never was
comfortable as a jazz singer. To him, the jazz
and pop songs he sang were insincere and
insipid, and so in the middle of an engagement
in Miami, he walked off the job.
In 1951, Belafonte opened a small diner
called The Sage in Greenwich Village, using his
time off to see folk singers in the Village such as
Pete Seeger, Big Bill Broonzy and Brownie
McGhee & Sonny Terry. The music they
performed opened up a whole new world to
Belafonte; he began to see the great poetic
richness that America had created in its regional
musical art. Belafonte then discovered a great
source of this music at the Library of Congress
and spent many hours researching and listening.
By November, Belafonte had learned enough
traditional songs to develop a new act as a folk
singer, and was booked to perform at the
legendary Village Vanguard. The club's owner,
Max Gordon, called the reaction to Belafonte 'an
unexpected and instantaneous explosion', and
he played the club for an unprecedented
fourteen weeks. The success of this
engagement resulted in a recording contract
with RCA Victor the following year, beginning a
three-decade long association with the label.
This disc showcases the earliest recordings
made by Harry Belafonte during this critical
period in his career when he was making the
transition from jazz crooner to folk singer. The
earliest sides are Belafonte's first and only
recordings for the Roost label in April 1949
(backed by the Machito orchestra, featuring bop
saxophonist Brew Moore), which include Lean
On Me and Recognition, the latter a Belafonte
composition whose lyrics represent his
frustration and anger at being a black man in a
white man's world. Two other sessions
followed for Capitol and Jubilee, which feature
the spiritual Sometimes I Feel Like a
Motherless Child and Venezuela, a World
War I era song learned from French sailors by
John Jacob Niles. These two songs suggest
Belafonte's first angling towards folk music, but
still performed with a pop singer's sensibility.
The real breakthrough came with his first
recordings for RCA Victor in 1952, when he
began performing folk songs with a spare
accompaniment in an extremely personal and
emotional style. Jerry is a song of the
muleskinner that was associated with folk stylist
Josh White, another African American singer
who exuded personality and sex appeal.
Belafonte's versatility was apparent immediately;
even the contemporary pop song Scarlet
Ribbons comes off like a folk song in
Belafonte's hands.
The first of his many calypsos was recorded
at his August 1952 session for RCA. Man Smart
(Woman Smarter), probably the first feminist
song in popular music, was written by the great
Trinidad calypsonian Norman Span, who went
by the name King Radio. The unfaithful heroine
of Matilda, Matilda! was also the product of
Span's fertile imagination, first performed during
Carnival season in Trinidad in the 1930s (Span
was not listed as the composer on Belafonte's
many recordings of it but was credited in
Belafonte song folios).
Belafonte originally learned Suzanne as a
blues song that was meant to be sung by a
woman. Fascinated with its structure and lyrics,
Belafonte and accompanist Millard Thomas
transformed it into a lament that could be
performed by a man. Belafonte performed it in
his first motion picture role, 1953's Bright
Road, in which he played the role of a school
principal. This led to his first appearance on
Broadway, in the revue John Murray
Anderson's Almanac.
At his first session in 1954, Belafonte
recorded the folk-styled I'm Just a Country
Boy, a song that was written by two New York
stage writers, Marshall Barer and Fred Brooks.
That year also saw Belafonte beginning to wrest
creative control away from RCA Victor
executives. His first recordings for the label had
been produced by RCA staff producer/arranger
Hugo Winterhalter, who often provided
Belafonte with lush backgrounds and
accompaniments unsuited for the traditional
material he had unearthed from the archives of
the Library of Congress. But Belafonte was able
to convince A&R director Dave Kapp and label
president George Marek that more spare
accompaniments would result in better success.
It was quite a risk for Kapp and Marek to allow
this, at a time when RCA's biggest selling
performer was popmeister Perry Como. Folk
music was out of vogue, what with the
blacklisting of the Weavers, the movement's top
attraction of the early 1950s. But RCA not only
allowed Belafonte to continue recording folk
music, but gave him creative control as well.
Belafonte took three new songs from his
repertoire to perform in John Murray
Anderson's Almanac. Described as a 'musical
harlequinade', the show also starred Billy
DeWolfe, Hermione Gingold and Polly Bergen,
with songs written by Broadway's Richard Adler
and Jerry Ross (Pajama Game, Damn Yankees).
The only black member of the cast, Belafonte
was never photographed with his white
castmates, which furthered his resentment
against the white Broadway establishment.
The one song Adler and Ross wrote for
Belafonte, Acorn in the Meadow, was
described by one critic as 'sentimental and
sloppy', yet he received universal raves for his
performances of the ancient calypso Hold 'Em
Joe (first recorded in 1926 by Sam Manning, but
at least two decades older than that) and his
own summation of America's folk novelist Mark
Twain. Critic Howard Taubman reported:
'When he sings "Mark Twain", he makes you
feel the weight of the Mississippi riverman's
labor as well as the struggle of the human
personality to dominate it.' Almanac was not a
hit, but Belafonte emerged from it a star.
He soon began work on his first long-playing
album, Mark Twain and Other Folk Favorites,
a stunning array of ballads, blues, and West
Indian folk songs. The well-trod blues about the
steel driving superman John Henry was given a
different treatment as Belafonte utilized
overdubbing to allow himself to accompany and
back his own vocals, a gimmick that was usually
overdone in the 1950s, but in this instance, was
done tastefully with restraint (songwriter 'Paul
Campbell' was actually the arranging
pseudonym for the four Weavers: Pete Seeger,
Fred Hellerman, Lee Hays, and Ronnie Gilbert).
The haunting Kalenda Rock is described as
a mourning song, derived from the calinda, an
African tradition of stick fighting during Carnival
on the French speaking islands of the Caribbean.
The activity, known as cannes brûlees (burnt
canes), had its origins during slavery. Eventually
spelled kalenda, it came to define the songs and
other performances accompanying the fighting,
which could turn deadly.
The Fox is a 16th century fox-hunting song
from Britain that Belafonte learned when he was
a boy and re-learned when he heard Burl Ives
sing it. Belafonte updated it with an appropriate
calypso beat. Delia was a contemporary love
song written by Fred Brooks and Lester Judson,
but again Belafonte gives it a convincing folkoriented
delivery.
The Drummer and the Cook is a sea
shanty that Belafonte researched while studying
folk styles at the Library of Congress (his first
single for RCA Victor in 1952 was another
shanty entitled "A-Rovin'"). Tol' My Captain is
an African American work song popularized by
Josh White on his landmark 1940 album of chain
gang songs. Our final selection is Man Piaba,
an original calypso Belafonte and then-manager
Jack Rollins wrote poking fun at parents'
universal dilemma of explaining the birds and
the bees to impressionable youngsters.
Harry Belafonte's LP debut was the first in a
series of groundbreaking albums examining the
roots of folk music styles from around the world.
His third album, recorded a little more than a
year later, focused on music of the West Indies.
Entitled Calypso, it would result in Belafonte
being typecast as a calypso artist, a label he has
tried to shake ever since. But his early work
shows Belafonte beginning his career as a
budding and tireless student of folk music from
many walks of life. He was, in essence,
America's most successful musical folklorist.
Cary Ginell - a winner of the 2004
ASCAP/Deems Taylor Award for music
journalism
Matilda, Matilda! (more info)
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Matilda, Matilda! - 02:28
Lean On Me (more info)
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Lean On Me - 03:11
Recognition (more info)
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Recognition - 02:51
Sometimes I Feel Like A Motherless Child (arr. P. Rugolo) (more info)
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Sometimes I Feel Like A Motherless Child (arr. P. Rugolo) - 03:17
Venezuela (arr. F. Norman) (more info)
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Venezuela (arr. F. Norman) - 02:37
Jerry (This Timber Got To Roll) (more info)
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Jerry (This Timber Got To Roll) - 02:19
Scarlet Ribbons (more info)
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Scarlet Ribbons - 02:44
Man Smart (Woman Smarter) (more info)
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Man Smart (Woman Smarter) - 02:33
Suzanne (Every Night When The Sun Goes Down) (more info)
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Suzanne (Every Night When The Sun Goes Down) - 03:13
I'm Just A Country Boy (more info)
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I'm Just A Country Boy - 03:04
Hold 'Em Joe (more info)
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Hold 'Em Joe - 02:35
Acorn In The Meadow (more info)
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Acorn In The Meadow - 02:42
Mark Twain (more info)
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Mark Twain - 03:44
John Henry (more info)
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John Henry - 03:27
Delia (more info)
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Delia - 02:59
The Fox (more info)
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The Fox - 02:44
Kalenda Rock (Mourning Song) (more info)
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Kalenda Rock (Mourning Song) - 03:22
The Drummer And The Cook (more info)
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The Drummer And The Cook - 02:05
Tol' My Captain (more info)
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Tol' My Captain - 02:46
Man Piaba (more info)
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Man Piaba - 03:33