A NIGHT AT THE OPERA
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A Night At The Opera
Based on Victor Hugo's Le Roi s'amuse, Verdi's
Rigoletto centres on the curse of a father on the father of
the title, the court jester to the Duke of Mantua. The
climax of the action comes in the third act. Gilda, the
beloved daughter of Rigoletto, has been abducted by
Rigoletto's enemies at court and seduced by the Duke,
for whose murder Rigoletto has hired an assassin,
Sparafucile. The scene is by the banks of the River
Mincio, where Rigoletto and Gilda wait outside a twostorey
house. The Duke appears, disguised as an
ordinary officer, and enters the house, asking
Sparafucile for wine and for a room. He is joined by
Sparafucile's sister Maddalena, while Sparafucile
leaves them together, going out into the street to ask
Rigoletto if this is the man. In the quartet the Duke
declares his love for Maddalena, while Gilda, observing
the scene from outside, is heart-broken at her lover's
faithlessness, to which Rigoletto draws her attention. In
what follows Rigoletto tells his daughter to go home
and disguise herself in man's clothes, ready to leave the
city. Sparafucile is persuaded by Maddalena to spare the
Duke, killing instead the first man to enter. In the event
this is Gilda, willing to sacrifice herself for her lover.
Rigoletto returns, ready to receive the body of his
victim, and takes the murdered body in a sack, prepared
to throw it into the nearby river. At this moment he
hears the voice of the Duke from within the house, and
realises he has been tricked. He opens the sack and in a
flash of lightning sees the face of his daughter Gilda.
Mozart wrote his opera La clemenza di Tito (The
Clemency of Titus) in 1791 for the coronation in Prague
of Leopold II as King of Bohemia. The libretto was
adapted from Metastasio and deals with the beneficence
of the Roman Emperor Titus, whose friend Sextus is
persuaded by Vitellia, jealous of Titus, to attempt his
murder, a plan from which she later relents, when it
seems that she herself may marry the Emperor. Sextus
makes his attempt, Vitellia admits her complicity, and
both are pardoned. In his first-act aria Parto, parto,
Sextus agrees to Vitellia's demands, to the
accompaniment of a basset clarinet, in the original
scoring, a part for the Vienna court clarinettist Anton
Stadler, for whom Mozart wrote other works in the last
years of his life.
Perhaps the best known operatic transformation of
Goethe's drama Faust is the 1858 opera by the French
composer Charles Gounod. In his third-act Cavatina
Faust, left alone outside the house of his beloved
Marguerite by his satanic guide Mephistopheles, sings
of her innocence, but Mephistopheles is soon to return
with a casket of jewels, a temptation for Marguerite.
She is later to give way to Faust, in his transformed
guise as a young man, and bears a child, which she kills.
In the final scenes she is imprisoned, condemned to
death. Faust, assisted by Mephistopheles, tries to
persuade her to escape with him, but she turns instead to
the angels, who will assure her salvation in spite of the
machinations of the Devil.
Puccini's popular opera of 1895, La Bohème, set in
the artists' quarter of Paris, is based on Henri Murger's
novel Scènes de la vie de bohème. The impoverished
young poet Rodolfo falls in love with Mimì, a
seamstress, a neighbour. Their love fails and Mimì
seeks other protectors, before her poignant death from
consumption, united once more with Rodolfo. At
Mimì's return Rodolfo's friends try to raise money to
help her and Colline, the philosopher of the group, goes
out to pawn his old coat, Vecchia zimarra, to buy
medicine for her.
Mozart's 1787 collaboration with the poet Lorenzo
Da Ponte, Don Giovanni, was written for Prague, where
it was first performed. It deals with the escapades and
fate of the ruthless philanderer of the title, eventually
dragged down to Hell by the stone statue of the old
Commendatore he has killed in his attempt on the
honour of the old man's daughter. In Là ci darem la
mano (Give me your hand) Don Giovanni exercises his
powers of seduction on the peasant girl Zerlina, whose
marriage to Masetto is about to be celebrated.
Verdi's 1867 opera Don Carlo has a plot of some
complexity, derived from Schiller. Written with a
French libretto it was revised in an Italian version in
1884. The Infante Don Carlos is in love with Elisabeth
de Valois, who, it is decided, shall marry his father,
Philip II of Spain. Matters are complicated when Don
Carlos declares his love to one he thinks to be Elisabeth,
but is in fact the Princess Eboli, who determines on
revenge, when she learns of his true feelings. Don
Carlos is implicated in disaffection in Flanders and
imprisoned, while his friend Rodrigo, also involved, is
killed. Don Carlos meets the Queen by the tomb of the
old Emperor, whose voice is heard, allowing the young
man to escape death and find refuge in the monastery.
Rodrigo, in the two arias included, gives his life for his
friend Don Carlos, having sought to take the blame for
the apparent implication of his friend in treachery.
Offenbach's Les contes d'Hoffmann (The Tales of
Hoffmann) was completed and staged in 1881, a year
after the composer's death. It links separate stories by
the German writer of the title. In the fourth act (the third
in earlier versions of the opera) Hoffmann's friend
Nicklausse is heard approaching by gondola on the
Grand Canal in Venice, with the courtesan Giulietta,
later to be persuaded to help the villainous Dapertutto in
his attempt to acquire Hoffmann's reflection. The
Barcarolle is one of the best known elements in the
opera.
Handel's early reputation rested in good part on his
Italian operas, one of which had brought his first
introduction to London, where he was to live and work
until his death in 1759. His opera Orlando was staged
there in 1733 and centres on the dilemma of Orlando,
torn between love and the glory to which the magician
Zoroastro urges him. Love for Angelica drives him
mad, but he is finally brought to his senses by
Zoroastro, while Angelica is united with her lover
Medoro. In his splendid aria Sorge infausta una
procella (Rise, ill-omened storm) Zoroastro, in the third
act, intervenes, in his allotted rôle as deus ex machina,
written for the great bass Antonio Montagnana.
In Restoration London it became the fashion to
adapt the plays of Shakespeare to suit modern taste, in
addition to a further current repertoire of plays with a
considerable musical element. The Tempest was
adapted by various writers and staged in these revised
forms. The version with music attributed to Henry
Purcell, who died in 1695, is only certainly known to
have been staged in 1712, and the greater part of the
music is now generally attributed to John Weldon, a
contribution that includes the famous aria Arise ye
subterranean winds, sung by a devil.
Verdi's Il trovatore (The Troubadour) was first
staged in Rome in 1853. The troubadour of the title,
Manrico, is the long-lost son of the old Count di Luna,
abducted and brought up by the gypsy Azucena. The
plot revolves around the conflict between Manrico and
his brother, the young Count di Luna, both in love with
Leonora. Manrico and Azucena are eventually taken
prisoner by the Count, the former to be released in
exchange for Leonora's capitulation to the Count, foiled
by her suicide. Manrico is put to death, while Azucena
can now reveal to the Count that he has killed his own
brother, her revenge for the killing of her own mother.
Leonora sings her moving D'amor sull'ali rosee (Love,
fly on rosy wings) as she hears the Miserere from the
castle where her beloved Manrico is held prisoner.
Les pêcheurs de perles (The Pearl-Fishers), an
opera by Bizet, first staged in Paris in 1863, is set in
Ceylon (Sri Lanka), where two fishermen, Zurga and
Nadir, are in love with the beautiful Leila, a priestess of
Brahma. Threatened with death for sacrilege, Nadir is
eventually allowed to escape with Leila, through the
intervention of Zurga. In Au fond du temple saint
(Within the sacred temple) the two men recall the
beautiful girl they had once seen.
Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos (Ariadne on
Naxos), with a libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal, its
second version first seen in 1916, combines a serious
opera, that of the title, with a commedia dell'arte
performance, on the apparent instructions of a patron
anxious to display his new wealth. The young composer
is at first distressed at the situation, but is persuaded to
agree to the suggested compromise. He sings praise of
the holy art, before the anticlimax of the comedians, to
whose participation he now realises he has agreed.
Gianni Schicchi forms part of Puccini's 1918
trilogy, Il trittico. Based on an incident recounted in
Dante's Inferno, it shows how Gianni Schicchi, brought
in by greedy relatives to impersonate a dead man and
alter his will in their favour, succeeds in outwitting the
whole of the dead man's family, by writing a new will
that leaves everything to himself. In Avete torto! (You
are wrong!) Rinuccio, a young member of the bereaved
family, in love with Gianni Schicchi's daughter
Lauretta, recommends the employment of Gianni
Schicchi in the plot, in music that immediately precedes
the latter's entrance.
First staged in Paris in 1835, Bellini's I puritani
(The Puritans) is set in the period of the English Civil
War, with a gallant cavalier assisting the escape of
Queen Henrietta Maria, disguised in his bride Elvira's
veil. Elvira enjoys a bout of operatic insanity, before a
Puritan victory allows general reconciliation. In Suoni
la tromba (The trumpet sounds) the retired Puritan
colonel Sir Giorgio, Elvira's uncle, has persuaded the
younger Puritan, Sir Riccardo Forth, himself in love
with Elvira, to do his best to protect her betrothed, the
cavalier Lord Arturo Talbo, provided, now having
escaped, he does not join the battle against the Puritans.
Together they call for freedom.
Keith Anderson
Rigoletto: Un di, se ben rammentomi (more info)
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Rigoletto: Un di, se ben rammentomi - 06:02
La Clemenza di Tito: Parto, parto (more info)
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La Clemenza di Tito: Parto, parto - 07:07
Faust: Quel trouble inconnu me penetre? (more info)
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Faust: Quel trouble inconnu me penetre? - 06:18
Faust: Alerte, alerte! (more info)
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Faust: Alerte, alerte! - 02:57
La Boheme: Vecchia zimarra (more info)
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La Boheme: Vecchia zimarra - 01:57
Don Giovanni: La ci darem la mano (more info)
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Don Giovanni: La ci darem la mano - 03:38
Don Carlo: Son io, mio Carlo (more info)
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Don Carlo: Son io, mio Carlo - 05:23
Don Carlo: O Carlo, ascolta, la madre t'aspetta (more info)
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Don Carlo: O Carlo, ascolta, la madre t'aspetta - 03:47
Les Contes D'Hoffmann: Barcarolle (more info)
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Les Contes D'Hoffmann: Barcarolle - 04:00
Orlando: Sorge infausta una procella (more info)
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Orlando: Sorge infausta una procella - 04:32
The Tempest: Arise, arise ye subterranean winds (more info)
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The Tempest: Arise, arise ye subterranean winds - 03:02
Il Trovatore: Vanne... D'amor sull'ali rosee (more info)
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Il Trovatore: Vanne... D'amor sull'ali rosee - 06:42
Les Pecheurs de Perles: Au fond du temple saint (more info)
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Les Pecheurs de Perles: Au fond du temple saint - 05:51
Ariadne auf Naxos: Seien wir wieder gut! (more info)
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Ariadne auf Naxos: Seien wir wieder gut! - 02:44
Gianni Schicchi: Avete torto! (more info)
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Gianni Schicchi: Avete torto! - 03:29
I Puritani: Suoni la tromba (more info)
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I Puritani: Suoni la tromba - 03:35